sarah: project in statistics

CHAPTER I

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

Most students today suffer from malnutrition relating to poor academic

performance. It is not often suspected that eating junk foods too much might be the reason or the cause of that particular issue arising among students. Students have lack of knowledge about junk food and its harmful effects to their health and academic performance because some students don’t know that their frequent snacks during break time are just some of several kinds of junk foods. Junk foods are food with little or no nutritional value and may also have unhealthy and harmful ingredients. These are foods that are readily made for the purpose of ease and time saving food in take. Aside from that junk foods are also cheaper compared to regular or healthy foods. Junk food is only made of cheap ingredients with less nutrients so that it can be sold cheap to customer specially for children. These are just some characteristics of junk foods that encourage students is eat junk foods.

Several foods are offered in school canteens but majority of these are junk foods. Processed products (like canned goods) and products with active ingredients (like chips, snacks, fines) softdrinks are samples of junk foods sold in cheaper price compared to other products. Students have no choice but to deal with these snacks because these are all affordable.

Number of students who habitually eat junk foods and number of junk foods available for sale are simultaneously increasing.

In San Francisco High School, most of the students prefer to take junk foods for snacks.

You can see them eating around the campus with unhealthy snacks in their hands rather than healthy foods that will help them obtain their nutritional needs which is also a big part in their academic performance.

Lack of energy, poor concentration, heart diseases, liver failure, diabetes and malnutrition are just some of the complication of habitual in take of jink foods. Malnutrition is the leading harmful effect of junk foods in students health and academic performance. Students needs vitamins and nutrients to maintain their good health and these are also important in brain nourishment of students so that they can perform well in their studies, if students will be affected. These are the information that lead the researchers to study the harmful effects of junk foods in the health and academic performance of students

Statement of the Problem

This thesis provides information about the harmful effect of eating junk foods in the health and academic performance of students in San Francisco High School and has the purpose to answer the following question.

Do students of San Francisco high school have sufficient knowledge about junk foods?
Do numerous students eat junk foods during break time?
Are the San Francisco High School students aware and know the harmful

effects of eating junk foods in their health and academic performance?

Do students of San Francisco High School often prefer junk foods for their break time rather than regular and healthy foods?
Is there a change in their academic performance when eating junk foods?

Assumption

The study focuses on the harmful effect of eating junk food in the health and academic performance of students and the researchers. This study will provide an impact in the general public and also in the knowledge of the students to be more health conscious leading to a better academic performance.

The Researchers also assume that all the provided objectives of the study will be answered in the conclusion.

Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant difference about the harmful effects of eating junk foods in the health and academic performance of San Francisco High School students.

Ha: There is a significant difference about the harmful effects of eating junk foods inthe health and academic performance of San Francisco High School students.

Significance of the Study

The researchers of the thesis believe that this will help provide appropriate information about the harmful effect of junk foods in health and academic performance of students as well us it will help students become more conscious about the choice of food.

This study will also be a tool that encourage students to choose health and reliable snacks rather than junk foods.

This study will tackle the harmful effect of eating junk foods in their health and academic performance that later on might encourage the authorities to give the appropriate attention and necessary action about this.

This study might also encourage the schools and universities to promote health food eating habit and provide only the right and nutritious foods.

On overall, this study principally advocate the students to be aware and be wise in

the choice of their snacks during their break time also to help them in formed that junk foods have no benefits but a danger to their health and academic performance.

Scope and Delimitation

This thesis focuses on the knowledge and awareness of students about junk foods and its harmful effect in their health and academic performance.

Only high school in each year in San Francisco High School are the respondents because they represent the student who are capable to buy and eat junk foods.

The researchers believe that this thesis is timely favourable to do because many students today eat junk foods.

Definition of Terms

Below is the list of words provided with its meanings so that the readers of the study will understand the use of the word in the context.

acidity-the quality or condition of being acid
additives-a substance added to food to improve texture, flavour, etc.
allergy-an abnormal reaction of the body to substances (certain foods, sollen, etc.) normally harmless.

caffeine-a chemical substance that acts as a weak stimulant on the central nervous system.
calcium-the chemical element prevalent in bones and teeth.
calories-measure of food energy.
cholesterol-a substance found in animal tissues, blood and animal fats thought to be a cause of hardening of the arteries.
diabetes-a medical disorder marked by the persistent and excessive discharge of urine.
fizzy drinks-any effervescent or carbonated drinks (e.g colas)
fat-an oily or greasy material found in animal tissue and plant seeds.

11.obesity-theaccumulation of excess fat in the body, mainly in the subcutaneous tissue caused by eating more food than in necessary to produce the required energy for each days activity.

12.osteoporosis-the loss of bone tissue because of its being resorbed, resulting in bones that become brittle and likely to fracture.

13.preservatives-substance used to prevent food or wood from decaying is an essential constituent of food.

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Junk food-a snack or fast food with little nutritional value ( websters universal dictionary and thesaurus,2002 )

In the Article Twisted Orange- what exactly is Junk food? (Junk food-types) junk food is purchased as ready to eat or quick to cook, either from fast vendors or pre-packed in size portion.

Burgers, chicken nuggets and chips are usually deep friend in fat. As well as being high in fat due to the cooking method, junk food is usually high in salt or sugar to make it tasty. The sugar, salt and fat are all thought to be contributors to obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Fizzy drinks are also included in the junk food category. They contain a lot of sugar and often caffeine. Traditionally, the concern with fizzy drinks has been centered solely on the sugar content. A 12 ounce can of coke contains 10 full teaspoons of sugar. Lately, however, nutritionists are becoming concerned about the acidity cause to the body from the carbon dioxide. It is thought that this could be bad for bone development as calcium is taken from the bone to neutralise to acid balance.

According to the Article Twisted Orange – Additives and Preservatives in junk food, junk foods needs to have a long shelf life. Since no one wants to pay a lot of money for junk foods to be successful it must also be relatively cheap. This means that it is usually made with inexpensive ingredients. In order to maintain

predetermined shapes and an appealing texture and taste, junk food contains a number of non-food ingredients or additives. It must also contain preservatives to meet long shelf life requirements.

Children particularly are found to react to some of the additives and preservative used in junk food either by becoming hyper-active or by developing allergies to them. What is probably more significant with children is that they lose their taste ( or rather never develop a taste ) for real food.

In addition to that, the Article Twisted Orange- The Risk of Eating junk food, it says that there are many potential health problems associated with a diet that is high in junk food. The most common one is obesity. Obesity can be a serious health risk leading to type 2 diabetes and heart disease and circulatory disease, Risks from too many fizzy drinks, as well as obesity from calories, include osteoporosis.

Junk food deprives the body of necessary nutrient and its over consumption over time leads to obesity, medical problems, and behavioural problems. Junk food consumption is associated with various physical ailments including obesity, type II diabetes, heart attacts and decreased life expectancy. (critser,2003) Because of junk food our childrens life could be lower than own. (Lempert,2005) junk food is also a major cause in the 23% of American children who are overweight ( Assuras,2001).

In the Article Harmful Effect of Junk food, it provides a list of harmful effects os junk food like as follows;

• Lack of Energy

This is known as a short term adverse effect resulting from eating junk foods. As

junk food don’t provide you with essential nutrients, even though they can be very

much suffering you feel weakened. Consuming deficient nutrients could be as a supplement.

• Poor concentration

This is another result of junk food habit. These are traced to affect in immediates and medium terms periods. When you have a sumptuous junk meal rich in oil you feel drowsy and fail to concentrate. Over sustained periods of junk food eating blood circulation drops due to fat accumulation. Lack of vital oxygen nutrients and proteins particularly can state your grey (brain) cells temporarily.

• Heart Disease

Junk food diet is a major cause of heart disease . Myrocardial information (a sever heart failure) is due to plaque formation in arteries which demands heart to put in extra effort to pump blood on the down stream. On the up stream, there is a lack of returning blood to heart.

• High Cholesterol

High cholesterol from junk food and diet strains liver damaging is eventually. This is a long term effect.

There is a study about the potential link between junk food and poor academic performance. The study was conducted by the expert from the Vadertbit University in Tenneses. It was stated that children on junk food may lock in their performance as compared to the kids on healthy diet. Seemingly, for the first time a direct link has been administered between the academic performance and the intake of sugary and

high fat fast foods in children.

For the purpose of the study more than 5,000 children aging 10 and 11 years old were analyzed. These children were apparently questioned on the number of times that they had consumed junk food in the past week. It was discovered that the children on a diet insisting of greater than the required amount of junk food may score lesser in tests as compared to their counterparts. More so, these findings were still the same when certain things like background and poverty level were taken into consideration.

Dr. Kerri Tobin of Vanderbit University, Tnnesses US says that “Its possible that the type of food served at fast food restaurant cause cognitive difficuilties that result in lower test score. Alternatively, It is possible that the propensity to eat fast food is connected to unobserved characteristics, like parental involvement in homework, which would also affect test scores”.

It was also hypothesized that maybe some children restorted to the consumption of junk food in order to cope with their low scored. Marks beside, staying away from junk food may also be instrumental in keeping away those excess kilos.

Chapter III

Methods or Procedure

Research design

The descriptive method of research was used in this study. Descriptive method of research focuses at the present phenomena, situations, or any trend to find answer or truth therein. Since the present study was to gain an insight into the current perception or the student regarding on the possible effects of being indulge in modern technology, the descriptive method of research was the most appropriate method to use. Moreover the researchers use the descriptive normative survey since it is the most suitable method in gathering pertinent data. This research design looked into the commonality among the views to be gathered which as certain the normal or average feedback of the respondents.

Selection and Description of the Respondents

The high school students of San Francisco High School are the respondents for this study. They are the most likely to represent the democratic of the students who usually eat junk foods in school canteens during break time. The respondents are classified by their year levels and genders.10 respondents for each year level and an equal distribution

for both gender. The total respondents for the survey are fourty and

the researchers believe that this number of respondents is enough and reliable to

conduct a survey about the harmful effects of eating junk foods in the health and academic performance of students.

Instrument Used

In this study, the questionnaire method were used to gather related data from the respondents of San Francisco High School students about the Harmful Effects of Eating Junk foods in Health and Academic Performance of the students.

The researchers conducted questionnaire to know their ideas regarding to topic studied. The data gathered in the interview and the different information from books, related literature, unpublished studies and observations become the basis in constructing a questionnaire

In the questionnaire method the researchers collated, organized and outlined significant items to come up with an instrument that will obtain the data needed in this study.

Statistical Method

F-test. This test was used to determine any significant difference between/among to or more group. Enumerate data will be used to present the result of the survey questionnaire percentage of the response will be computed.

Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation

The study obtained the following data and information upon the survey conducted to the respondents from San Francisco High school students about the harmful effects of eating junk foods in the health and academic performance of students.

In the first table, the researchers identify their respondents base on their gender. Twenty (20) or 50% of the respondents are female and the rest twenty(20) or 50% are male.

See the 1^st table.

Female

Male

Respondents

50%

In the second table, the researchers identify the respondents based on their age, 15 or 37.5% of respondents are aging 12 and 13, 12 or 30% are aging 14 and 15, 10 or 25% are aging 16 and 17 and the rest 3 or 7.5% of the respondents are in age of 18 and 19 years old.

Table 2 Age of Respondents

	Age 12 and 13	Age 14 and 15	Age 16 and 17	Age 18 and 19
Respondents	15 or (37.5%)	12 or (30%)	10 or (25%)	3 or (7.5%)

In the third table represent the percentage of respondents base on their high school year levels. The table shows equal distribution in each year level of the respondents. Each year level consist of 10 or 25% respondents.

Table 3 Year level of Students

	1^st year	2^nd year	3^rd year	4^th year
Respondents	25%	25%	25%	25%

The respondents were asked if they have knowledge about junk foods. The results indicate that 16 or 40% of the respondents answered “yes”, 13 or 32.5% of them answered “no” while 8 or 20% answered “ a little ” and only 3 or 7.5% answered “ too much “.

Table 4 Decision Option of Respondents for Question 1

	Yes	No	A little	Too much
Respondents	16 or 40%	13 or 32.5%	8 or 20%	3 or 7.5%

In the question “ are junk foods ( such as chips snacks, burgers, processed foods ) you often eat during break time and lunch break compared to regular or healthy foods ( such as rice, bread, meat, fish, fruits, vegetables)?”, the result indicate that 14 or 35% of the respondents answered “yes”,16 or 40% answered “no”, 7 or 17.5% answered “ a little” and the rest 3 or 7.5% answered “ too much”.

Table 5 Decision Option of Respondents for Question 2

	Yes	No	A little	Too much
Respondents	14 or 35%	16 or 40%	7 or 17.5%	3 or 7.5%

The respondents were also asked if colas and other sweet juices are the beverages they often drink during break time and lunch break rather than water (bottled water). The result indicate that 18 or 45% of the respondents answered “yes”, 14 or 35% answered “no”, 5 or 12.5% answered “ a little” and 3 or 7.5% answered “too much”.

Table 6 Decision Option of Respondents for Question 3

	Yes	No	A little	Too much
Respondents	18 or 45%	14 or 35%	5 or 12.5%	3 or 7.5%

The respondents were asked if they know the harmful effects of frequent intake of junk foods in their health and academic performance. The result indicate that 23 or 57.5% of the respondents answered “ yes” , 5 or 12.5% answered “no”, 11 or 27.5% of them answered “ a little” and only 1 or 2.5% respondents answered “ too much”.

Table 7 Decision Option of Respondents for Question 4

	Yes	No	A little	Too much
Respondents	23 or 57.5%	5 or 12.5%	11 or 27.5%	1 or 2.5%

The respondents were asked if there is a change in their academic performance when eating junk foods and answers have the following results: 10 or 25% answered “ yes”, 15 or 37.5% respondents who answered “ no” , 14 or 35% answered “ a little” and only 1 or 2.5% among the respondents answered “ too much”.

Table 8 Decision Option of Respondents for Question 5

	Yes	No	A little	Too much
Respondents	10 or 25%	15 or 37.5%	14 or 35%	1 or 2.5%

The respondents were asked if it is possible to escape from junk foods eating habit in order for you to live healthy. The result indicate that 22 or 55% of the respondents answered “ yes’’ 8 or 20% answered “ no” , 9 or 22.5% answered “ a little” while only 1 or 2.5% answered “ too much”.

Table 9 Decision Option of Respondents for Question 6

	Yes	No	A little	Too much
Respondents	22 or 55%	8 or 20%	9 or 22.5%	1 or 2.5%

The respondents were asked about their opinions if the school will help in eliminating the desire choices of junk foods taken during break time and lunch break. The result indicate that 16 or 40% of the respondents answered “yes” , 14 or 35% answered “ no” , 4 or 10% answered “ a little” and 6 or 15% answered “ too much”.

Table 10 Decision Option of Respondents for Question 7

	Yes	No	A little	Too much
Respondents	16 or 40%	14 or 35%	4 or 10%	6 or 15%

The respondents were also asked if they will be in favor not to sell or display all the unhealthy junk foods in their school. The result indicate that 20 or 50% of the

respondents answered “ yes” 10 or 25% answered “ no” , 6 or 15% answered “ a little” 4 or 10% answered “too much”.

Table 11 Decision Option of Respondents for Question 8

	Yes	No	A little	Too much
Respondents	20 or 50%	10 or 25%	6 or 15%	4 or 10%

To be able to understand better the information and data presented, the table 12 summarizes and shows the result obtained from the respondents based on their answer in each question provided in the questionnaire.

TABLE 12 Summary of the results.

Question	Yes	%	No	%	A little	%	Too much	%
1.	16	40%	13	32.5%	8	20%	3	7.5%
2.	14	35%	16	40%	7	17.5%	3	7.5%
3.	18	45%	14	35%	5	12.5%	3	7.5%
4.	23	57.5%	5	12.5%	11	27.5%	1	2.5%
5.	10	25%	15	37.5	14	35%	1	2.5%
6.	40	55%	8	20%	9	22.5%	1	2.5%
7.	40	16%	14	35%	4	10%	6	2.5%
8.	20	50%	10	25%	6	15%	4	10%
Total	139		95		64		22

Computation

Question	A	B	C	D	A²	B²	C²	D²
1	16	13	8	3	256	169	64	9
2	14	16	7	3	196	256	49	9
3	18	14	5	3	324	196	25	9
4	23	5	11	1	529	25	121	1
5	10	15	14	1	100	225	196	1
6	22	8	9	1	484	64	81	1
7	16	14	4	6	256	196	16	36
8	20	10	6	4	400	100	36	16
Total	139	95	64	22	2545	1231	588	82

1.Stating the hypothesis

Ha: There is a significant difference that eating junk foods affect the health and academic performance of San Francisco High school students.

Ho: There is no significant difference that eating junk foods affect the health and academic performance of San Francisco High school students.

2. Level of significance: 5%

3. Type of test: F-test (ANOVA)

4. Tabular Value

@5% level of significance: 2.95

@1% level of significance: 4.57

5. Getting Computed Value

TSS= total sum of square

TSS=4446-(320)²/32 =4446-102400/32 =4446-3200 = 1246

SSb= sum of the square between

SSb= 1/5[2545²+1231²+588²+82²]-320²/32 =1/5[6477025+1515361+345744+6724]-320²/32

=1/5[8344854]-3200 =1668970.8-3200 =1665770.8

SSw=sum of the square within

SSw=1246-1665770.8 =

-1664524.8

dft=degrees of freedom within

dft= rk-1 or N-1

dft= 8(4)-1= 32-1= 31

dfb= degrees of freedom between

dfb= k-1

dfb= 4-1= 3

dfw= degrees of freedom within

dfw= dft – dfb

dfw= 31-3= 28

Mss_b= mean of the sum of square between

Mss_b= ssb/dfb

Mss_b= 1665770.8/3= 555256.9333

Mss_w= mean of the sum square within

Mss_w= SSw/dfw

Mss_w= -1664524/28= -59447.28571

F= f-test or ANOVA

F= Mss_b/Mss_w

F= 555256.9333/-59447.28571= -9.34

6. Decision

CV>TV

9.34>2.95

Reject Ho:

Ha: There is a significant difference that eating junk foods affect the health and the academic performance of San Francisco High school students.

Chapter V

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary

This study focuses on the harmful effects of eating junk foods in the health and academic performance of San Francisco high school students. The study is design to help students to be informed and aware about the possible harmful effects caused by habitual intake of junk foods. The researchers conducted survey questionnaire on students of San Francisco high school. The respondents consist of equal distribution for each year level of the said school with a total number of fourty(40) respondents. The summary of the findings indicate that there is harmful effects of eating junk foods in the health and academic performance of San Francisco high school students.

Conclusion

After the interpretation and analysis of data and information( relevant to the study “Harmful Effects of Eating Junk foods in the Health and Academic Performance of San Francisco High School Students”) obtained from the survey questionnaire conducted to 40 respondents the researchers had come up the following conclusion.

• Majority of the students have knowledge about junk foods but closely numerous to that have no knowledge or have insufficient knowledge about junk foods.

• Plenty of students eat junk foods during break time

• Majority of students eat junk foods most of the time during break time and lunch break rather than to eat regular and healthy foods.

• Majority of the students drink colas and sweet juices most of the time during break time and lunch break rather than to drink water.

• Majority of the respondents are aware and know the possible harmful effect

of eating junk foods in their health and academic performance.

• Almost half of the total number of respondents don’t believe that it is possible to escape from junk food eating habit in order for them to live healthy and only 25% believe that it is possible while the rest of them have a little belief.

• The students believe that the school will help in eliminating the desire on choices of junk foods taken during break time and lunch break.

• Students are in favour not to sell/display all the unhealthy junk foods in their school.

Recommendation

The subject that has been thoroughly studied was just one of the issues concerning in the health and academic performance. It was by this issue many students suffer. To help eliminate the problem about junk food the researchers recommend the following:

• The government is the vital agent so that researchers recommend to give an appropriate actions and provide solutions about the junk food problem. The government should start different programs and seminar that will educate the students about the harmful effect of junk foods in their health and academic performance. Health and education should be a greater priority of the government.

• The school will be a big help in the junk foods problem such as health problem and poor academic performance. The students have a great possibility to take junk foods because majority of the food display in school canteens are junk foods. If junk foods

will be eliminated from the variety of food choices in the school canteens, then the students will only comply with healthy foods. We highly recommend to stop the school canteens from selling junk foods to students.

• The students themselves have their control so proper thinking and health consciousness should emerge. The researchers advocate the proper choice of meals of students from break time.

Harmful Effects of Eating Junk foods in the Health and Academic Performance of San Francisco High School Students

As Partial fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurial Management

A Research Study

Presented to

Mrs. Jovita Maligro

By:

Jerry Jake G. Reyes

Sarah Jane A. Mata

Janine Q. Adornado

BSEM-2B

Quezon City Polytechnic University

San Francisco

APPROVAL SHEET

In Partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurial Management. This research entitled “ Harmful Effects of Eating Junk foods in the Health and Academic Performance of San Francisco High School Students ” is prepared by Reyes, Mata and Adornado is here by recommended for approval.

_____________________________________

Professor Jovita Maligro

Thesis Adviser

Acknowledgement

• We would like to acknowledge Mrs. Jovita Maligro our Statistics professor who taught us to do this thesis as our requirement.

• All respondents in survey.

• Some websites for making some valuable information available and accessible.

• To our families who gave us financial supports.

• Above all to our almighty GOD who made these things possible.

Table of Contents

Chapter I: The Problem and its Background.................1-6

Introduction..............................................................................................................1-2

Statement of the Problem..........................................................................................2-3

Assumptions.................................................................................................................3

Hypothesis....................................................................................................................4

Significance of the Study..........................................................................................4-5

Scope and Delimitation................................................................................................5

Definition of Terms...................................................................................................5-6

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature and Studies

.................................... ............................................................................................7-10

Chapter III: Methods or Procedure........................11-13

Research Design.........................................................................................................11

Selection and Descriptive of the Respondents......................................................11-12

Description of the Instrument Use.............................................................................12

Chapter IV: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation.............................................................13-21

Chapter V: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation.......................................................22-24

Summary......................................................................................................................22

Conclusion..............................................................................................................22-23

Recommendation....................................................................................................23-24

Quezon City Polytechnic University

San Francisco Campus

Survey Questionnaire

Name: Yr./Sec.

Check the best answer for you. Answer honestly

1. Do you have knowledge about junk foods? __yes __no __a little __too much

2. Are junk foods (such as chip snacks, burgers processed foods) you often choose to eat during break time and lunch break compared to regular or healthy foods(such as rice, bread, meat, fish, fruits and vegetable)?